“To Kill A Mockingbird” Is A Classic Novel Of American

â€Å"To Kill a Mockingbird† is a classic novel of American literature. It brings many useful lessons regarding racist and prejudiced people to readers. The novel was written by Harper Lee and published in 1960. A narrator of the novel is Harper Lee herself. Its characters and themes were built based on an observation of Harper Lee when she was ten years old. In the novel, the author mentioned that she lived with her father. Her mother died when she was two. Lee’s father, Atticus Finch, has played as a moral hero and an integrity lawyer. Also, he has served in the novel as a widowed father. Thus, he needs to raise two young children alone, and indeed parenting is considered as the most responsible as well as a difficult job. Therefore, even†¦show more content†¦Scout and Atticus enjoy their reading time together. â€Å"I could not remember when the lines above Atticus s moving finger separated into words, but I had stared at them all the evenings in my memory, listening to the news of the day, †¦ - anything Atticus happened to be reading when I crawled into his lap every night.†. Besides, in comparison with another father character - Bob Ewell, Atticus’ personality is a huge contrast. Bob Ewell is a horrible, alcoholic, and selfish father. Atticus once describes Bob as: â€Å"It’s against the law, all right†¦- and it’s certainly bad, but when a man spends his relief checks on green whiskey, his children have a way of crying from hunger pains. I don’t know of any landowner around here who begrudges those children any game their father can hit.† On the other hand, Atticus is a kind and gentle father, and never he loses his temper when Jem and Scout are naughty or disobedient. He never uses a spanking to punish his children. He always teaches them in a reasonable way. Atticus, you ve never laid a hand on her. I admit that. So far I ve been able to get by with threats. Jack, she minds me as well as she can. Doesn t come up to scratch half the time, but she tries. â€Å"Atticus ain’t ever whipped me since I can remember. I wanna keep it that way†. In short, Atticus loves his children and always puts his love beyond his interest.Show MoreRelatedWhat Makes a Classic?1074 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Classic† is a term used to describe many things, such as a defining moment or a memorable book. When a book is described as a classic, it persuades new readers to discover why it is so memorable to those who have read it before them. Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird, published in 1960, is a common example of a literary classic, studied in classrooms all over the world today. Peace Like a River is a newer novel by Leif Enger, one that may very well become a classic in the future. It is an immenselyRead MoreHuckleberry Finn : An Enduring Timeless Classic1713 Words   |  7 PagesTo Kill a Mockingbird - An Enduring Timeless Classic From Star Wars to the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn timeless classics exist in multiple contrasting formats and outlines. They all come in with their own unique stories and differences that make each one a must read. However, there are many things that make one timeless classic similar to another. Two important criteria that make a timeless classic include the kind of experiences it presents and the well-rounded symbols it uses to enhance theRead MoreTheme Of Nature In To Kill A Mockingbird1394 Words   |  6 Pagesthings of life come together to form a representation or symbolic message to life. As shown in To Kill a Mockingbird, nature and various aspects of humanity are associated in the form of a mockingbird. As it relates to the novel, A mockingbird represents a commonality of an understood sin. To Kill a Mockingbird by Harper Lee is well known, classic novel originally published in 1960. Though the novel was written in a different time span, its plot vividly details and exp resses the events, emotionsRead MoreAnalysis Of Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird 1491 Words   |  6 PagesLee’s ​ To Kill a Mockingbird ​ is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although ​ To Kill a Mockingbird​ is regarded as a literary masterpiece in American literatureRead MoreHarper Lee862 Words   |  4 PagesAshley Ewing Dr. Cohoon Literary Heritage 18 February 2013 Essay One Southern Parallels: An Exploration of the Life of Harper Lee and the Lasting Impact of To Kill A Mockingbird Harper Lee is considered one of America’s most enigmatic and influential writers of the twentieth century. Lee’s popular novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, offers readers deep insight into the dynamics of an unconventional family and Southern lifestyle in the1930s. Harper Lee was born Nelle Harper Lee on April 28, 1926, inRead MoreRacism In To Kill A Mockingbird1570 Words   |  7 Pagescountries, but in the United States, the African-Americans have especially been victims of racism and segregation based upon their color. In recent history, the struggle to achieve equality and eradicate racism in the United States has been an ongoing battle since the late 1800’s. In Harper Lee s classic novel To Kill a Mockingbird, Lee uses her own experience and draws from events during her childhood to bring to expose racism against African Americans in the south. The Jim Crow Laws, the Plessy versusRead MoreThe South : Controversial Topics On Harper Lee s Kill A Mockingbird1475 Words   |  6 Pagesin Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird Harper Lee’s To Kill a Mockingbird is a critically acclaimed, Pulitzer Prize winning novel that instantly attained its position as one of the greatest literary classics (Editors).The story of Scout Finch’s childhood has become one of the most notable narratives that addresses controversial issues present in the early 20th century. Lee’s novel depicts themes of race, justice, and innocence throughout the novel. Although To Kill a Mockingbird is regarded as a literaryRead MoreEssay On Racism In To Kill A Mockingbird1212 Words   |  5 Pagesperson’s childhood can really affect the way they see the world. Harper Lee’s novel, To Kill a Mockingbird, is highly influenced by the life she lived as a little girl. She grew up in the small town of Monroeville, Alabama. She was born there in 1926 and recently passed away in February of 2016 (Lee). Harper Lee’s real name was Nelle (Nail), but everyone calls her Harper because she opted for Nelle to be l eft off of her first novel. Her parents named her after her grandmother, Ellen, but spelled backwardsRead MoreSocial Difference in Too Kill a Mockingbird1277 Words   |  6 PagesLees To Kill a Mockingbird, the subject of social differences is the main theme for the book. The book adresses directly the major problem of racism per example and deals with it in its special way. Set in the 1930s, To Kill a Mockingbird examines very closely social differences at that time. Unfortunately, the social differences found in the 1930s are very different than those we face in 2007. To Kill a Mockingbird has become a cultural phenomenon. Students everywhere study this novel referringRead MoreAnalysis Of Kill A Mockingbird By Harper Lee785 Words   |  4 PagesSocial Inequality is an issue that the American society has been struggling to solve for generations. Though we would like to say that this problem has been solved throughout time, it sadly has not gotten much better. In the classic no vel To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee takes us back in time to when this issue was more commonly known, the 1930’s. The Finch family had lived in the town of Maycomb for generations and throughout the book it was clearly shown and stated how both women and blacks

The effects of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women Free Essays

1. INTRODUCTION This research proposal has been written to show how a study into the effects of Vitamin D on pregnant women may be undertaken. This would be better as â€Å"This is important as it has recently been suggested that the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms of Vitamin D may be incorrect (NHS, 2013). We will write a custom essay sample on The effects of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women or any similar topic only for you Order Now This shall be considered by undertaking an empirical study into whether or not 10 micrograms of Vitamin D should be taken by women during pregnancy. 2. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY This study shall be completed by undertaking an empirical study. This will seek to ascertain if pregnant patients that take the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms attain the benefits, which are stated by the National Health Service (NHS, 2013). This could help to identify if the recent research, which has been published by the University of Bristol and the University of East Anglia, is correct. The ‘Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) – which is also known as Children of the 90s – is a long-term health research project. More than 14,000 mothers enrolled during pregnancy in 1991 and 1992, and the health and development of their children has been followed in great detail ever since ‘ (ALSPAC, 2013). 3. PROBLEM STATEMENT During pregnancy, many women have been told by medical practitioners that they should take the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms of Vitamin D to ensure that their unborn chid develops strong bones and does not develop rickets (NHS, 2013). However, results from the ALSPAC longitudinal study shows that the benefits from taking Vitamin D at the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms during pregnancy may not be so beneficial (Lawlor, Wills and Fraser, 2013). This research seeks to ascertain if these claims are correct and whether or not the recommended dosage of Vitamin D needs to be changed for pregnant women. 4. RESEARCH AIMS AND OBJECTIVES In conjunction with the problem statement above, the following aims have been formulated: To use available and relevant data, to investigate whether the recommended dosage of 10 micrograms for pregnant women is correct To use the findings from the above aim to make recommendations for how the dosage needs to be altered for pregnant women. Additionally, the following objectives have been developed: To evaluate how a dosage of 10 micrograms of Vitamin D benefits pregnant women. To evaluate how changing the dosage of Vitamin D benefits pregnant women. To make recommendations for the appropriate dosage of Vitamin D which should be taken by pregnant women 5. PROPOSAL STRUCTURE The proposed outline of the dissertation is described in the next section. 6.LITERATURE REVIEW To date, in the United Kingdom the National Health Service has recommended that the effects of a 10 microgram dose of vitamin D is essential to ensure that unborn children develop healthy bones. This is also supported by evidence in the existing academic literature (see as an example: Dror, 2013; Kovacs, 2008; Stephenson, 2006). Therefore, medical practitioners have advised all pregnant women that this is how what they should take during pregnancy (Bui Christin-Maitre, 2011; NHS, 2013). However, recent research, which was published in March 2013, has contradicted this information (ALSPAC, 2013: Lawlor, Wills and Fraser, 2013).These findings need to be explored further as many other research studies have not reached these conclusions. Therefore, to seek to ensure that the correct advice is given to women who are pregnant, it is important that this study is undertaken. 6.1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS In line with the findings from the literature review above, provisionally, the following research questions have been developed. How does a dosage of 10 micrograms of Vitamin D benefits pregnant women How does changing the dosage of Vitamin D benefit pregnant women What is the appropriate dosage of Vitamin D, which should be taken by pregnant women 6.2. METHODOLOGY This study shall be based on a number of patient records, which shall be chosen at random. In examining the records, it is hoped that a comparison between these pregnant women that took a 10-microgram dosage, those that took other amounts and those that took nothing may be compared. Form here it will be possible to seek to understand how much Vitamin D pregnant women should be taking during their pregnancy so that new recommendations may be made if necessary. 6.3. RESEARCH PHILOSOPHY The research philosophy, which has been adopted for this study is positivism. This will allow the empirical investigation to be undertaken and it will be derived from a critical and objective based method (Sundars, 2003). 6.4. RESEARCH APPROACH The research approach, which has chosen for this study is quantitative in nature, as it will be based on a review of existing patient records and undertaking statistical analyses. This will allow the researcher to explore the problem, which was outlined above and to see if any new recommendations should be made to pregnant women. 6.5. RESEARCH STRATEGY The research strategy, which has been chosen for this study is a review of existing patient records. Therefore, a documentation review shall be undertaken. 6.6. DATA COLLECTION The review of patient records shall be undertaken by contacting medical practitioners and patients to seek to attain permission to their records, once this has been achieved, a number of records shall be chosen at random these shall be used to collect information to investigate the research problem. 6.7. DATA ANALYSIS All analyses shall be based on the patient records, which are used during the data collection phase of this study. Statistical tools such as, SPSS shall be utilised to undertake analyses of the results from these patient records. 6.8. ACCESS Access to this these records shall be established by contacting medical practitioners and patients, to identify patients who have been pregnant who are willing to take part in tis research. 6.9. RELIABILITY, VALIDITY, AND GENERALISABILITY The findings from this study should be reliable and repeatable, as patient records shall be chosen at random and empirically analysed. This will ensure that the parameters of the study are net and that the results can be generalised to wider populaces. 6.10. ETHICAL ISSUES Issues such as, patient confidentiality and privacy shall be considered during the design and implementation of this research to seek to ensure that all participants’ details remain confidential and that they are all fully aware of the nature of the research and why it is being conducted. 6.11. RESEARCH LIMITATIONS As this research is based on secondary sources, the data, which is available, may limit the findings. However, if this is the case then the parameters of the study shall be re-examined to seek to ensure that these limitations are minimised where possible. 7 CONCLUSION In conclusion, this study shall be undertaken by seeking to identify and critically evaluate a number of patient records. This will enable the researcher to understand how much vitamin D pregnant women should take to help to ensure that their unborn child has healthy bones. Then a number of recommendations may be made where this is appropriate. 8 TIME CHART TasksTask LeadStartEnd Literature ReviewResearcher01/08/201329/01/2013 Write Up ResultsResearcher29/08/201330/09/2013 Write MethodologyResearcher21/09/201321/10/2013 Contact SubjectsResearcher21/10/201321/01/2014 Collate DataResearcher21/01/201421/10/2014 Examine DataResearcher21/10/201421/12/2014 Write up resultsResearcher21/12/201421/02/2015 Write discussionResearcher21/02/201521/04/2015 Write conclusionsResearcher21/04/201521/08/2015 REFERENCES ALSPAC (2013). Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Available from http://www.bristol.ac.uk/alspac/ (Accessed 01/08/2013) Bui, T., Christin-Maitre, S. (2011, October). Vitamin D and pregnancy]. In Annales d’endocrinologie (Vol. 72, p. S23). Dror, D. (2013). Vitamin D in pregnancy. In Handbook of vitamin D in human health (pp. 670-691). Wageningen Academic Publishers. Kovacs, C. S. (2008). Vitamin D in pregnancy and lactation: maternal, fetal, and neonatal outcomes from human and animal studies. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 88(2), 520S-528S. Lawlor DA, Wills AK, Fraser A, (2013) Association of maternal vitamin D status during pregnancy with bone-mineral content in offspring: a prospective cohort study. The Lancet. Published online March 19 2013. NHS (2013) Doubt cast on the benefit of Vitamin D during Pregnancy. Available from http://www.nhs.uk/news/2013/03March/Pages/doubt-cast-on-benefit-of-vitamin-D-in-pregnancy.aspx Accessed (01/08/2013) NICE (2013) Vitamin D and pregnancy. Available from http://www.nice.org.uk Accessed 01/08/2013 Saunders, M. (2003) Research Methods for Business Students. South Africa: Pearson Education. Stephenson, J. (2006). Vitamin D and Pregnancy. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 295(7), 748-748. How to cite The effects of Vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women, Essay examples

Doing gender free essay sample

This essay is going to explain and discuss theorist’s understandings of gender as something we do rather than being a fixed part of who we are. Firstly, it is important to define the difference between sex and gender, bringing in Judith Butler’s views. Then the essay will explain and discuss Erving Goffman’s ‘dramaturgical approach’ to social interaction, and Judith Butler’s understandings of gender as performativity, using various academic sources. Both these two theorists view gender as a kind of performance. Performance as an explanation of the self or identity is an interactionist idea, which was first put forward by Erving Goffman (Woodward 2000). Goffman has questioned the concept of identity, the self, identity seems private, unique, and natural to the individual it was these controversial ideas of first Goffman, then Butler in specific reference to gender, who challenged these instinctive human beliefs thus theorizing gender identity. While there are numerous theories regarding gender identity, most of them view gender as construction, a set of behaviours prescribed by society that individuals learn and become more proficient at as they mature. We will write a custom essay sample on Doing gender or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Gender tends to be referred to as the social characteristics associated with being male and female members of society (Woodward 2000). Gender roles are cultural and personal which are learned through many institutions in society, although they do vary among different cultures. They determine how males and females should think, speak, dress, and interact within society (no author). However, sex is a biological distinction determined by the anatomical traits essential to reproduction such as reproductive and chromosomal attributes (Punch et al 2013). Butler argues that sex is biological given from birth, which can only be altered in extreme cases and due to certain conditions. For example, if you were born with disorders of sex development, which is a group of conditions where your reproductive organs and genitals do not develop normally, you will have a mixture of male and female sexual characteristics. For example, you may be female but with male chromosomes and vice versa, this is gender being socially constructed (no author). Boys and girl’s sex and gender are seen as natural and unified, but contradictorily, behaviour appropriate to them must be encouraged throughout their life. Sex is an ascribed status because a person is born with it, but gender is an achieved status because it is a learnt behaviour. Butler sees gender as constructed through your own repetitive performance of gender (Butler 1990). In other words, gender is labelled by the way you present yourself physically and the way you act through a sequence of practices and characteristics which have then overtime become labelled as masculine and feminine, a good example of this is using public toilets, as soon as a man or woman walk into the toilet, this is gender being performed. These practices that are forever repeated are solidified into what is recognised as gender (gender and popular culture). Butler suggests that gender can be performed in many different ways. Transgendered, cross-dressing or drag are all examples of how gender is performed, in other words gender is an act, and a performance (Woodward 2002). This shows when looking at transgender as an example, because a boy you see in a supermarket because of the way you recognise them may in fact be mistaken and actually biologically be a boy. The performative nature of gender is more apparent in drag performances, because you have a chance to get up on stage and perform the gender you would like to be. Men present themselves as women by imitating femininity, for example wearing women’s clothes, make up and adopting women’s gestures. Butler expresses drag as an important example, that all gender is a performative construct, which is not linked to sex. Butler does argue that gender performativity is not a free choice, whereby an individual can carry out as and when they like, however others socially police it (Lloyd 2007). There will be consequences if individuals stray away from the accepted behaviour, this is where butler refers to the notion that gender gives the appearance of being natural behaviour, because it is forced upon the individual from birth and is almost insisted on throughout childhood and adolescence years. Butler suggests that the concepts of sex and gender are independent of each other, which are socially constructed and used to control people. It is widely presumed that a girl will become a woman and a boy will become a man through a process of natural development, which is based on his/her chromosomal sex, but nature will not do all the work. You do not have to be biologically male to display masculine behaviour (Woodward 2002). Gender issues such as intersex people show that â€Å"gender is a fictive production, it is not determined by sex because it is not a fixed thing we possess, but something people do† (Milestone et al 2012: 15). Heterosexual matrix is a term used in understanding that an individual has a fixed sex from birth either male or female. Culture creates a gender, which in turn determines desires towards the opposite sex, for example males and females being attracted to their opposite sex. Heterosexuality is shown to be the norm and accepted within society, whereas homosexuality is not (Punch et al 2013). Butler disagrees with this conception; she argues that each individual person may perform a specific identity, which may result in having some desires towards the same or opposite sex (gender trouble). Butler States that binary sex does not follow the construction of men will accrue exclusively to the bodies of males or that women will interpret only female bodies. (Butler 1990: 10). A key principle in Butler’s work is the question that if gender is socially constructed then why is there only two genders, in theory there could be hundreds. Erving Goffman whose work is linked with symbolic interactionism. â€Å"This perspective relies on the symbolic meaning that people develop and rely upon in the process of social interaction† (Crossman), which was influenced by George Herbert Meads work. Goffman’s focus was in human interaction and the presentation of people in everyday settings, especially public places (Monnier). Goffman developed Mead’s work by still focusing on the importance of the symbolic, on the self and on the idea of roles, rather than implying the word identity as such, Goffman discusses how roles are performed (Woodward 2002: 9). Because our social identities are shaped by our roles and interactions within society, Goffman uses the metaphor of the theatre to analyse social life as dramaturgy (Monnier). Dramaturgy is the analysis of human behaviour, where people put on a show, with the people being the actors (Abercrombie et al 2006), although the interactions are not rehearsed they are the individuality’s own expressions which can change depending on the social interaction. For Goffman ‘performing’ social roles was meant in a sense that, we as human beings incorporate our everyday lives in to an on stage performance. He believed we use front and backstage situations to determine how we play our role and how we manage these in our ability to respond (Lawler 2008). According to Goffman the aim of our act is to create and control certain impressions that we choose to pass over to our audience, or family and friends. Goffman believed that individuals have many different roles, which involve presenting yourself differently, and negotiating different forms of social interaction, however, these can change depending on who they were with (Punch et al). For example, this shows when playing the role of a son or daughter because it is very different compared to playing the role of a husband, wife or work colleague. Furthermore, when interacting with others, dress, language and gestures are used to influence how others see our behaviour, for example wearing a suit for a job interview, which makes you look respectable, wearing spectacles can make you look intelligent, and a solicitor carrying a briefcase can make you look professional and sophisticated. This shows that we are all aware of how to behave depending on the type of interaction we find ourselves in. This part of the theory could be related to gender as use of props that is seen as belonging to either gender group, an example of this would be long hair is a sign of femininity, the media portrays that it is desirable for women to have longer hair than men (punch et al). Gender performativity is a big part of everyday life. Many people are always performing gender norms based on their biological sex by using cultural norms. With reference to women, this performance starts as soon as you get up in a morning, the majority of women will go for a shower, get dressed and put on makeup for the day. Visiting beauty salons and hairdressers on a regular basis. However, not all females will follow these beauty norms, especially certain cultures and sexuality’s, but the ones that do will feel it helps with their physical persona of femaleness. People also tend to dress differently depending on the occasion, for example, attending a job interview wearing a skirt and a nice blouse would seem appropriate and  smartly dressed, but on the other hand, attending the doctor’s surgery dress would be casual wear such as, jeans and a jumper. These are relevant examples of gender performativity because it shows that gender is part of every society and is based on the way we present ourselves physically not our biological makeup or sex. In conclusion, this assignment shows that Butler’s ideas are similar to Goffman’s, were both theorists believe that certain aspects of our lives are performed. However, Goffman focused on social interactions, whereas Butler focuses on gender being performed especially by women, which she referred to as gender performativity. Both Goffman and Butler’s theories discuss gender (and identity in general) as performance. Goffman’s and Butler’s theories also indicate that while everyone does not perform gender in the same way, there are cultural expectations for what it means to be a man and what it means to be a woman. These expectations interact with expectations related to individuals’ often competing multiple identities as well as their own desires, producing variations in gender performances. They both believe that the concept of the ‘self’ is not a fixed one because it could easily be changed to suit the environment and the company that the individual was in at any one particular time, for Goffman this was within social interaction and for Butler the focus was specifically on gender. Overall, this essay highlights that by doing gender is not just about behaving in a particular way, it is also about believing certain gender norms and engaging in practices that map on to those norms. By doing gender, we reinforce the notion that there are only two mutually exclusive categories of gender. The internalised belief that men and women are essentially different is what makes men and women behave in ways that appear essentially different. Gender is maintained through socially constructed displays of gender.

Steve Jobs greatest product Apple II

Steve Jobs’ death has devastated great masses of Apple products consumers as well as the business community itself.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Steve Jobs’ greatest product: Apple II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Jackson’s article, Jobs had made an unprecedented impact on world’s electronic consumer market where his string of successful products like iPhone, iPad tablet and iPod have changed the whole arena of the PC world, electronics and the digital media industries thus he is one of the greatest CEOs of all time (Jackson, 2011, p. 1). According to Jackson (2011), as many across the globe associate Jobs with his recent iDevices, Canadian consumers have had a different perception when it comes to prioritizing some of Jobs greatest Apple products. They consider Apple II to be Jobs greatest achievement to their world of computing. A third of the Canadian consumer so ciety credits the Apple II personal computer as having the greatest impact in their personal computer lives. Though the Canadians do appreciate Jobs’ mobile devices that helped register a new wave on the mobile device functionalities which blended its personal computer capabilities, they still take the Apple II to be the best device ever. This means the Canadians’ priority of Apple II is at the essence of their classical approach from personal computers to iDevices thus their emphasis still remain gripped within their first experience with the Jobs Apple II innovation. There is much that needs to be considered before analyzing any poll results especially in the consumer markets. For instance, there is need to evaluate the age groups (demographics) of the voters/respondents. There is also the need to look at the experience of the voters or respondents with different gadgets (Apple product opinion poll – Asking Canadians). These are some of the many considerations that need to be in check before coming up with a candid conclusion on the research/poll findings.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jackson’s article on the most preferred Apple product among the Canadian consumers which claims that Apple II personal computer is Jobs best product among the Canadians, can be said to be biased because he does not enlist the criterion chosen when determining the participants in the poll. Additionally, the 1034 respondents (Jackson, 2011, p. 1) of the poll may not be a good enough representative number of technological consumers which is presumed to be over two thousand. In the recent wave of Apple’s products, the iPhone 4s seems to have a lot of interest among the Canadian consumers and with such a surmountable interest, it may be among the best favored Apple products in the Canadian technological consumer segment in terms of expe rience and functionalities (Clandestine, 2011, p. 1) which in return, can surpass the Apple II preference. Jackson’s conclusion on Apple II as the most preferred gadget in Canada is limited in view because it did not consider the changing retail market structures, the increasing use of technological stores (Apple Stores), the internet and the consumer market place, the growing presence of social networking as the new advertisement, consumer front and the changing trends in the tastes and preferences among consumers (Digital Life, 2011, p.1). With the above variations in mind, it is clear that with time, the consumer perceptions change especially with new gadget experiences as well as diversified innovations on the same. Thus, the young generation may be more compelled to use the iDevices and this may be their first experience with Jobs products. Reference List Clandestine, B. (2011). The N E W iPhone 5 / iPhone 4S. Hub-pages. Web. Digital Life. (2011). iPhone 4S pre-orders re cord-setting 1 million in first day. Communication Technology – Blog. Web.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Steve Jobs’ greatest product: Apple II specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Jackson, B. (2011). Steve Jobs’ greatest product the Apple II, Canadians say. IT Business Canada – Blog. Web. This report on Steve Jobs’ greatest product: Apple II was written and submitted by user Paola Sears to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

gender and sexuality essays

gender and sexuality essays Gender and Sexuality in Arab and Western Society Gender s view in most of its related states is a conservative approach that is often implemented by force. The Arab s why these two regions should be discussed and compared in a sociological study. Sex that refers to the biological differences between men Sexual relations in Middle Eastern societies have historically articulated dominant and subordinate social positions, adult men on the higher social status, women, boys, and slaves on lower social positions. The distinction made by modern western sexuality between sexual and gender identity, between kinds of sexual degrees of masculinity and family, have until now had little affect on the Middle East. The Middle East as a whole doesnt recognize the complex realities of multiple and changing positions of sexuality and identity. A recent study of family politics in Cairo says that sound taboos and the silent neglection to sexual behavior show some space for discussion. People keep incidents of homosexuality and premarital sex or adultery hidden away from society in order to protect their social backgrounds and to sustain their so-called family values in addition they indulge in episodes of sexual violence such as honor c...

10 Interesting Facts About New Orleans

10 Interesting Facts About New Orleans New Orleans is the largest city in the United States state of Louisiana with a 2008 population of 336,644 people. The New Orleans Metropolitan area, which includes the cities of Kenner and Metairie, had a 2009 population of 1,189,981 which made it the 46th largest metropolitan area in the United States. Its population dropped dramatically after Hurricane Katrina and the subsequent severe flooding hit the city in 2005.The City of New Orleans is located on the Mississippi River in southeastern Louisiana. The large Lake Pontchartrain also lies within the city limits. New Orleans is most well known for its distinctive French architecture and French culture. It is famous for its food, music, multicultural events and the Mardi Gras festival held in the city. New Orleans is also known as the birthplace of jazz.The following is a list of 10  important geographic facts about New Orleans. The City of New Orleans was founded under the name La Nouvelle-Orlà ©ans on May 7, 1718, by Jean-Baptiste Le Moyne de Bienville and the French Mississippi Company. The city was named after Phillipe dOrlà ©ans, who was Frances head of state at the time. In 1763, France lost control of the new colony to Spain with the Treaty of Paris. Spain then controlled the region until 1801, at which time, it was passed back to France.  In 1803 the region encompassing New Orleans and surrounding areas was sold by Napoleon to the United States with the Louisiana Purchase. The city then began to grow considerably with a variety of different ethnicities.After became a part of the United States, New Orleans also began to play a large role in international relations as it developed into a large port. The port then played a role in the Atlantic slave trade but also the exportation of different commodities and the importing of international goods for the rest of the nation up the Mississippi River.Thr oughout the rest of the 1800s and into the 20th century, New Orleans continued to grow rapidly as its port and fishing industry remained important for the rest of the country. In the end of the 20th century, growth in New Orleans continued but planners became aware of the citys vulnerability to flooding after erosion of wetlands and marshes. In August 2005, New Orleans was hit by the category five Hurricane Katrina and 80 percent  of the city was flooded after a failure of the citys levees. 1,500 people died in Hurricane Katrina and much of the citys population permanently relocated.New Orleans is located on the banks of the Mississippi River and Lake Pontchartrain about 105 miles (169 km) north of the Gulf of Mexico. The total area of the city is 350.2 square miles (901 sq km).The climate of New Orleans considered humid subtropical with mild winters and hot, humid summers. The average July high temperature for New Orleans is 91.1 °F (32.8 °C) while the average January low is 43.4 °F (6.3 °C).New Orleans is known for its world-famous architecture and areas like the French Quarter and Bourbon Street are popular areas for tourists. The city is one of the top ten most visited cities in the U.S.The economy of New Orleans is based largely on its port but also on oil refining, petrochemical production, fishing and th e service sector related to tourism. New Orleans is home to two of the largest private universities in the United States- Tulane University and Loyola University New Orleans. Public universities like the University of New Orleans are also within the city.

POPULAR CULTURE AND HUMANITIES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

POPULAR CULTURE AND HUMANITIES - Essay Example This is certainly probable because the artifact does not mirror the world around them (Naremore & Brantlinger, 1991). At first, John will be perplexed by the robot and may not decipher what it is. The capability of the robot to mimic human behaviors and activities, inclusive of speech, will be of utmost importance in shaping John’s reaction. In such case, the robot will be like a person, though not â€Å"a real person.† The novelty of the robot will make John think that the robot is a divine device, but â€Å"evil,† and a threat to his existence. As the fear subsides, interaction between John and the robot will increase, as it dawns to John that the robot is neither â€Å"godly† nor â€Å"evil† after all. The robot may be programmed to interact with John on matters that are familiar to John such as culture and language. To this end, the robot heralds an incremental cultural benefit to John, which stirs his consciousness. The robot can turn out to be a valuable tool in cross cultural exchange between â€Å"John’s world† and the mainstream culture. The robot will act as a bridge between John’s world and the modern

Wind Energy (Is wind energy really that cheap Is it effective Is it Research Paper

Wind Energy (Is wind energy really that cheap Is it effective Is it practical) - Research Paper Example Wind is also a form of solar energy, because winds are mainly produced because of the temperature irregularities in the atmosphere caused by the sun, the unevenness of the earth’s surface and its rotation. Then this energy is used to turn the turbines and produce electrical energy. Basically the wind turbines are used to convert this wind energy into mechanical energy, which is later on used to transform it into electrical energy via generators or alternators. If we go through a brief history of electricity generation from wind turbines, Denmark was the first one to do it, who was able to produce 5 to 25 kW by 1910. Then in around 1925, wind-electric plants ranging from around 200 W to 3 kW were commercially available in the American market, and then in that era, the largest wind turbine was made in 1941 by Palmer C. Putnam with a capacity of 1250 kW. It was a hybrid hydro-electric capacity, in which, wind was the main source of energy, but in the absence of wind, water could also be used to turn the turbines. ... y unlike conventional power plants, which usually use furnace oil, diesel and coal, emitting a lot of pollution, thus badly affecting the environment. In 1990, according to the US Energy Department, the production of electricity using wind energy reduces the production of about 2.4 billion pounds of carbon dioxide and around 14.9 billion pounds of other pollutants. The cost of wind energy is reduced up to much of the extent in last 10 years, but still, it requires higher initial investment as compared to fuel generators. But the main cost is the machinery cost, which is around the 80% of the total cost. Whereas the running cost is almost free as compared to other sources of generating energy. So if we examine the total overall initial and total cost of the wind systems with other fossil fuel systems, then the cost of wind systems is quite competitive with other systems because on one hand where it saves the running cost or reduces it to the minimal, it also saves the fossil fuels, wh ich are reducing in the earth’s crust day by day. Thus the energy produced from the wind also provides a soft edge against the increase in electric power prices as the prices of fossil fuels are increasing gradually. Another major issue, that we have to face while using wind as a power source is that wind is an intermittent source, for it is sometimes available at the required rate and sometimes it is not available. So it may or may not work, whenever electricity is needed, or at places where electricity is needed at every time. Though electrical energy produced by the wind mills can be stored in batteries, but wind itself cannot be stored anywhere to be available at the timing of electricity demands. And usually wind blows at faster rate in remote locations, which are usually far away

A Little Cloud typical of Joyces maturity stories Essay Example for Free

A Little Cloud typical of Joyces maturity stories Essay Refer to themes, language and setting. A Little Cloud is the first of the maturity stories in Dubliners, preceded by Counterparts, Clay and A Painful Case. The story is archetypal of Joyces style and embraces all the key themes of, class, materialism, escapism and above all the paralysis and struggle of Ireland. The opinion that Ireland is a country lowly in comparison to the rest of Europe is enforced at the beginning of the story when Little Chandler says it was something to have a friend like [Gallaher] because he worked for the London press. The emphasis here is on the great city of London and Little Chandler has immeasurable respect for Gallaher as he has escaped the paralysis of Ireland in favour of this thriving city. The environment Chandler lives in is lacklustre and uninspiring, his writing tiresome the nurses he sees are untidy and the old men dozing on benches are decrepit. When Little Chandler thinks of his situation in Dublin a gentle melancholy [takes] possession of him which he feels [is] useless to struggle against. In A Painful Case a number of adjectives are used to convey the environment, such as disused, sombre and shallow. Joyce has subtly emphasised the burden of being a Dubliner and in particular the feeling of restriction which the characters are unwilling to challenge and from which they feel escape would be futile. There are recurring references to the colour brown (not just in the maturity stories) and Maria in Clay wears a brown raincoat, thus inadvertently resigning herself to the drab and motionless life of Dublin. Joyce contrasts two worlds in the story; the domestic, insular and paralysed Dublin with the fast-moving, energetic, cosmopolitan London and Europe. Little Chandler desires to belong to the wider, modern world and begins to despise his life with his family in Dublin. By juxtaposing Little Chandler with the successful, exuberant Gallaher, Joyce sets up an antithesis between the two worlds which they represent. The Act of Union of Great Britain and Ireland in 1800 abolished Irelands political centre, resulting in Dublin being a city in limbo, without a clear purpose and with a confused identity. This is evident throughout Dubliners, with inhabitants such as Little Chandler and Farrington all feeling trapped by the narrowness of Dublin life. There is a pervasive feeling that to be glamorous, like Ignatius Gallaher, one has to leave Ireland. Little Chandler believes London to be the key to his dreams and that if you wanted to succeed you had to go away. You could do nothing in Dublin. The attitude of Little Chandler to social class is indicated throughout. He encounters children in the slums of North Dublin as he passes on his way to meet his glamorous friend, Gallaher. The children are described as a horde, grimy and populating the street and depicted as vermin who crawled and squatted like mice. Little Chandler, like Duffy in A Painful Case feels himself to be superior to the people whom he passed, above the parochial, narrow interests of Dublin. He aspires to be a poet, loved by the more affluent English people. Chandler is shallow and materialistic, obsessed with appearance and class, excited about going to Corlesss because he knew the value of the name and the richly dressed ladies caught his eye. Gallaher says if he ever married, his wife must have a good fat account at the bank otherwise she wont do for me. If he marries he intends to play [his] cards properly and secure one of the thousand of rich Germans and Jews. He dismisses the sacrament of marriage as just business that could go stale, emphasising the immorality of London. The maturity stories all contain the presence of resentment in the main characters at the inevitable situation they have resigned themselves to living in. Joyce conveys Little Chandlers anger with a number of adjectives such as trembled, burst, convulsively and a paroxysm of sobbing. His cheeks later suffuse with shame which gives way to tears of remorse at his failure not only to fulfil his dreams but for the resentment he feels towards his family for thwarting his freedom. In Counterparts there is an established mood of anger with a bell rung, a heavy step and Farringtons spasms of rage. Joyce uses the symbol of the little cloud as an image of entrapment, not just hope; the little cloud of unhappiness hovering over his marriage to Annie, which restricts him from being the fun-loving bachelor like his idol Gallaher. Joyce incorporates the fantasy and captivation of exoticism and wealth in the dark Oriental eyes of the Rich Jewesses. Similar to fantasies of the East Joyce uses alcoholism as a method of escape from the stifling lives of the Dubliners and this is particularly prominent in A Little Cloud. Gallaher states that he drinks [his whisky] neat and that Little Chandler, who drinks very little doesnt know whats good for [him]. Sobriety is here seen as the reason why Chandlers life is so inartistic and dreary in comparison to Gallahers. Ireland is belittled and viewed as an engaging absurdity by the English when Gallaher says theyve got a great feeling for Ireland and the English were ready to eat [him] because he was Irish. Little Chandler wishes his name was more Irish-looking so as to endear the British with his book he dreams about publishing in London. This is ironic as Little Chandlers wishes to flee the restraints of Ireland yet feels dependant on his heritage. The story is highly symbolic of Irelands historical state; how the rest of Europe refuses to treat Ireland with respect symbolising Gallaher continually refusing Little Chandlers invitations to come for supper and to meet his family. Gallahers visit gives rise to an epiphany within Little Chandler, a feature Joyce includes in each of his stories, an anti climax when a character realises his escape to be defective. In the maturity series it is through the characters own personality flaw they render themselves incapable of escaping the life they constantly bemoan. In A Little Cloud Gallahers visit evokes a dull resentment within Little Chandler; he was useless, useless! A prisoner for life and he feels acutely the injustice of his life is next to Gallahers. Little Chandler believes the only way of escape is if he publishes a book in London, but he cannot complete this because the wailing of the child permanently permeates his ear. Little Chandler projects the resentment he feels at his lack of achievement in comparison to Gallaher, onto his wife and he is repelled by her passionless eyes and fantasises of the dark Oriental eyes of the Jewesses which Gallaher mentioned earlier in Corlesss. Little Chandler begins to feel a little disillusioned and Gallahers accent did not please him. London, which Gallaher hitherto represents, is now seen as gaudy and vulgar imprinting itself upon his original old personal charm and his vagrant and triumphant life upsets the equipoise of [Chandlers] sensitive nature. Little Chandler believes that Gallahers alleged friendliness to him is in fact patronisation just as he was patronising Ireland by his visit. He has been too consumed with his own anger and resentment at his own entrapment and the failure of his own dreams, to see through Gallahers version of an exotic, successful life. In A Painful Case Duffy becomes disillusioned with escaping, when Mrs Sinico caught up his hand passionately and similarly Little Chandler begins to wildly question Could [I] go to London?, [is] it too late? But Duffy bids his only distraction from the paralysis of Dublin Mrs Sinico, goodbye and is blatantly scared of commitment. The reunion with a conceited Gallaher reminds Little Chandler of what he hasnt achieved and he feels resentment which he thus inflicts on those around him. A Little Cloud is an evident example of Joyces maturity stories in keeping with the aspect that binds them together, the characters comprehension that all endeavours to escape are fruitless. Little Chandler and Duffy lacked conviction and ignored the opportunity that was once given to them for escape, something they blame everyone but themselves for. The characters Joyce writes of do not appreciate what they have, mourning instead for what they do not. The Dubliners are, like the city, reluctant to change and yet are embittered by the injustice of their paralysed lives. Duffy does not appreciate until the death of Mrs Sinico, that he will never have a chance of marriage, or to love, through which he could have forgotten the monotony of the city he cannot escape. Congruously, Little Chandler dismisses his family throughout A Little Cloud and when his personal epiphany dawns on him he realises his failure to his family, his cheeks suffuse with shame and he cries with tears of remorse as much out of guilt at the egocentric way he has behaved, as for his hopeless venture of escape.

Evolution of penguins :: essays research papers

Evolution of penguins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this evolution project, I choose to research Penguins. The classification for this animal is as follows: K Neornithes, P Palaeognathae, C Neognathae, O Pelecaniformes, F Procellariformes, G Graviidae, S Spheniscidae. The first fossil penguin that was found, is today being held in the British Museum of Natural History. It was reportedly found by an anonymous Maori in New Zealand in 1859 and was named Palaeeudyptes Antarcticus despite the fact that the species was located far away from Antarctica. Since that discovery many more fossils were found and were dated back to the Miocene era and three others from the Pliocene era. Several fossils were dated to the Late Pliocene era and others from the Recent era. The earliest avian fossil found in the southern hemisphere is said to have existed in the Eocene age about 38-54 million years ago. There is evidence that at least three of the modern penguins (Aptenodytes, Spheniscus and Pygoscelis) went extinct within the la st 4-5 million years. The remainder of the penguins are from 5-40 million years ago, dating back to the time currently recorded, when penguins evolved from other modern birds. Research suggests that the tallest of these penguins were about 6 feet tall. Penguins did originate from an ancestor that flew some 40 million years ago. The common ancestor is assumed to have been somewhat similar to a modern-day diving petrel or auk in appearance and behavior. The main evolutionary advantage of giving up aerial flight is the improved swimming ability; in particular being able to swim quickly helps in catching fish and being able to dive to great depths (studies show that some modern penguins can dive up to 300meters) which greatly increases the range of food which is available to hunt. Another major influence in the evolution of penguins is likely to have been the availability of vast amounts of food in the ocean. The beak up of the Proto-continent, Gondwanaland, was completed around 200,000,000 years ago and left the Antarctic continent completely surrounded by an ocean. The resulting cold currents established in the southern ocean (once the polar ice cap had formed) made them rich in nutrients and then led to the huge amounts of fish and crustaceans in the area. Evolution of penguins :: essays research papers Evolution of penguins   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  For this evolution project, I choose to research Penguins. The classification for this animal is as follows: K Neornithes, P Palaeognathae, C Neognathae, O Pelecaniformes, F Procellariformes, G Graviidae, S Spheniscidae. The first fossil penguin that was found, is today being held in the British Museum of Natural History. It was reportedly found by an anonymous Maori in New Zealand in 1859 and was named Palaeeudyptes Antarcticus despite the fact that the species was located far away from Antarctica. Since that discovery many more fossils were found and were dated back to the Miocene era and three others from the Pliocene era. Several fossils were dated to the Late Pliocene era and others from the Recent era. The earliest avian fossil found in the southern hemisphere is said to have existed in the Eocene age about 38-54 million years ago. There is evidence that at least three of the modern penguins (Aptenodytes, Spheniscus and Pygoscelis) went extinct within the la st 4-5 million years. The remainder of the penguins are from 5-40 million years ago, dating back to the time currently recorded, when penguins evolved from other modern birds. Research suggests that the tallest of these penguins were about 6 feet tall. Penguins did originate from an ancestor that flew some 40 million years ago. The common ancestor is assumed to have been somewhat similar to a modern-day diving petrel or auk in appearance and behavior. The main evolutionary advantage of giving up aerial flight is the improved swimming ability; in particular being able to swim quickly helps in catching fish and being able to dive to great depths (studies show that some modern penguins can dive up to 300meters) which greatly increases the range of food which is available to hunt. Another major influence in the evolution of penguins is likely to have been the availability of vast amounts of food in the ocean. The beak up of the Proto-continent, Gondwanaland, was completed around 200,000,000 years ago and left the Antarctic continent completely surrounded by an ocean. The resulting cold currents established in the southern ocean (once the polar ice cap had formed) made them rich in nutrients and then led to the huge amounts of fish and crustaceans in the area.

Hamlet & Ophelia

Throughout the play of Hamlet, one constantly questions if Hamlet is actually in love with Aphelia. His intentions are difficult to determine: it often appears as though he is not in love with her at all, but is in fact repulsed by her. Hamlet even insists that Aphelia leave him, and everyone else in her life, in his immortal line, â€Å"Get thee to a nunnery' (Ill. L. Pl 25), thus sending her away to lead a life of solitude.However, despite these statements from Hamlet, his other actions give way to the idea that Hamlet not only loves Aphelia, but also cares for her so deeply that he sees her as a liability. He treats her terribly and insists that she leave him in order to protect her from being hurt or killed by his enemies. It is here that we see that, indeed, Hamlet really does love Aphelia. The closest that Hamlet ever comes to stating his love is in Act Ill. Hamlet says to Aphelia, â€Å"l did love you† (Ill. L. Pl 25). However, he then goes on to tell her he does not l ove her.During this conversation, Hamlet believes someone may be eavesdropping on them. This is proven by Hamlet's question, â€Å"Where's your father? (Ill. L. IPPP). Aphelia states that he is at home. Hamlet replies with, â€Å"Let the doors be shut upon him that he may play the fool nowhere but in ‘s own house† (Ill. L. IPPP-44). This quote suggests that Polonium, Aphelion's father, is eavesdropping on Hamlet and foreshadows that he may be planning something as a result. Hamlet would never want to give away his true intentions for Aphelia to one of his enemies, such as Polonium, and therefore lies to Aphelia about his intentions for her.His love for her is so deep that he is willing to make her believe that he does not love her in order to rote her. Another example of Hamlet admitting his love for Aphelia is in the letter that he sends her. Hamlet writes, â€Å"Never doubt I love. † (11. 11. IPPP). He tells her that among and between everything else around he r, his love for her is real. This is the one time before Aphelion's death that Hamlet reveals his true feelings. He feels he can do this in writing, as Hamlet believes only Aphelia will read the letter, as opposed to one of his enemies, such as Polonium.Hamlet knew he had to hide his love for Aphelia and act in a different manner to protect her. His plan backfires however when Aphelia chives the letter, as she gives it to her father. Not even in writing can Hamlet admit his true feelings for Aphelia without the information of his vulnerability slipping into the wrong hands. Throughout the play, Hamlet's love for Aphelia is questioned. Hamlet acts as if he does not love Aphelia in order to trick everyone else into thinking that he does not care about her. Hamlet does not want Aphelia to become involved with him because if Claudia decides to get revenge on Hamlet, she would die.Hamlet shows his love for Aphelia when he confesses to her that he â€Å"loved† her, when he sends he r the deter, and when he finds out that she has died. But many could argue that Hamlet never loved Aphelia – that he fell out of love with her or he never loved her in the first place but was simply driven insane by his father's death and attempted to use her feelings for him to his advantage. Needless to say, there is concrete information pointing to Hamlet's love being true. Hamlet simply was not able to state it bluntly in order to protect Aphelia.Rexes Manchester Mr.. Lowe Is Hamlet a misogynist? If so, what might be the pathology of this vile disorder? Throughout the play Hamlet accuses women of being adulterous, uncaring and soonest creatures. Hamlet's misogynistic feelings towards women come from his mother, Gertrude, and, unfortunately, Aphelia becomes part of his thoughts as well. Hamlet's mother is the cause for his suspicion towards women. Gertrude hasty, and incestuous, remarriage to Claudia, within a week of the kings death causes anguish, suffering and distress for Hamlet.This leads him to question the true heartiness of all women; â€Å"O most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets! It is not nor it cannot come to good, but break, my heart, for I must hold my tongue. (1. 11. Up 56-157) As the story goes on Gertrude becomes a cruel, adulterous and insupportable woman in Hamlet's eyes. â€Å"Nay, but to live in the rank sweat of an misnamed bed, stew's in corruption, honeying and making lovers the nasty In this climatic scene Hamlet finally shows an intense desire to save his mother's soul by trying to convince her that she must repent for the marriage to Claudia.Hamlet attempts to teach Gertrude that celibacy becomes easier the more time goes on and the more one practices. As a consequence, it seems, the misogynist that is Hamlet egging to break down. Which is why Aphelia is so important with in the story, she becomes a victim of Hamlet's anger that leads us to discover if he is truly a misogynist or not. It is Ap helia, the passive character in the relationship that has become the unlucky victim. Aphelia believed that Hamlet possessed real love for her, but so much to the point that he became â€Å"mad for her love. (2:2:84) She accepted his love letters and acknowledged his indications. However, Hamlet becomes so concerned with how vengeful women are to men, or that they are a considerable threat to myself, and that he cannot stop for a moment and realize the pain he is causing Aphelia because of it. In the end, classifying Hamlet as a misogynist does not suffice to the difficult and realistic character of Hamlet. For, as it turns out, the feelings of hatred towards women were only because of the moments that he was caring and concerned with Aphelia and his mother.Though it is irresolute that he would have ever trusted a woman again but at the end he does reveal his love for Gertrude and Aphelia. Does Claudia murder his brother for his throne or his wife? Claudia is Hamlet's uncle, brother to king Hamlet. King Hamlet has been killed and a week after his death, Claudia became king and King Hamlet's wife, Gertrude, remarries to Claudia. The murder of King Hamlet is much like what we see in the Bible. Cain commits the first murder by killing his brother Able while he is sleeping peacefully in a garden.Much like this murder, Claudia murders his brother by pouring poison in his ear while he is sleeping in his own garden. Throughout the story Claudia' nerve is tested and finally he admits his â€Å"offense is rank and smells to heaven because it hath the primal eldest curse upon, a brother's murder† (111. 11. 111). Claudia not only murdered King Hamlet for the throne but for his wife Gertrude as well. He always possessed the secondary role to his brother for quite sometime and because he was always second to King Hamlet, he became Jealous.The fact that King Hamlet was always busy in state affairs and fights could the reason for Gertrude loneliness, which brought her closer to Claudia. After the death of King Hamlet, support of Claudia gave Gertrude a way out to prevail over the situation and heartache. Weak moral strength in Gertrude made it simple for Claudia to convince her to marry him. After this it was simple for Claudia to have Gertrude become loyal to him, this also made him the father of Hamlet and brought his worries of revolt to a close as well as Hamlet's royal right to become king.As Claudia took over the throne and married his brother's wife, it also would make sense to say that he took over the throne so Hamlet would not be king. Also, Claudia had to ascend the throne nearly immediately since Denmark was on the brink of war with Norway. Finally, Claudia took the throne because if he had not, Hamlet would have become king and would have figured out that Claudia murdered is father and would have had him murdered anyways since that is the mandate of this story. Claudia married for two reasons.He wanted to solidify his image in the k ingdom as king and he simply was in the dire need of romance. As the opportunity to do both of those came about he took advantage of it, but as he did that turned his newly owned kingdom into turmoil. Rexes Manchester The play opens in the dark. Two men a foot apart cannot see each other. A Ghost appears. Why has Shakespeare begun the play thus? What does it tell us about the nature of his audience? Shakespeare begins Hamlet in immediate suspense. There is no lighting and only two people on stage.The reason for this is to get the audience's attention from the beginning, without a strong introduction of the play the audience will be bored and unhappy with the performance. The audience at the globe theatre is rather uncivilized. Throughout the play itself the audience is drinking, eating and standing. Everyone in the audience is mostly dirtying, smelly and not very intellectual. If the actors were not performing at their highest level, things would be thrown on stage, the audience wou ld become irritated ND the situation would escalate very quickly to the point that there would be a riot.Shakespeare uses the tactic of introducing a ghost first because it conveys the overall setting of the play, which is suspense, mysteriousness, puzzlement and most of all, curiosity. Through this introduction there is no need for a narrator to come out on stage and say the play is beginning. Due to the mysteriousness the crowd becomes silent, as they are anxious to find out what the play is about. Without the beginning of the play starting as it does, there would be no way to have the audience cooperate for a long period of time.

Ateneo Entrance Exam Essay

Hazel Grace Lancaster (The Fault in Our Stars by John Green) This little line from one of my favorite books helped me start my journey of self-discovery. Before, I really did consider myself as someone very inexorability. To the world, I'm Just an average girl that nobody will ever notice. Maybe never will be noticed in an extraordinary way, but I'm determined to make my mark. But flirt things first, I had to discover myself and define who I really am. My first moment of self-discovery began, actually, when first developed my love for books.And that moment happened way, way back when I was still a young child. Nothing made me happier than going to National, Power Books or Fully Booked to go see what new storybook, magazine or novel was available. To this day going book shopping, an activity most people my age would find as agonizingly boring, is an opportunity to expand my knowledge and vocabulary. The only thing I need to improve on right now Is, admittedly, my book choices. My Dad constantly reminds me to move onto more young adult publications and cut back on the children's novels. Books are my flirt great love.Through them, I can go on fantastic adventures that become almost real in my imagination. I also relate to the characters In terms of their personalities and the things they do In the story. From the protagonist, antagonist and all the other characters in between, I can find someone or even something I can relate to in a book. My current favorite books are The Fault in Our Stars by John Green, where I have learned a great many deal of new words such as hamster, thyroidal, prototypical, narcissistic, bacchanalia and so many other terms that were once too sophisticated or me to understand until I looked them up In the dictionary.The Fault In our stars is a heartwarming and yet also heartbreaking love story of two young cancer-stricken teenagers who find their own little infinity together within their limited number of days. I'd tell you more but I would n't want to spoil the entire novel. Second in my favorites list would have to be The Book Thief by Markus Sake. Here, I saw World War II and the horrors of the Holocaust through a young girl like myself, who was unable to read and write until she was given to a foster family in Germany. Lies Impinge then later befriends Max Vandenberg, a Jewish man who hides in her family basement to escape the Nazis.Again, I will not spoil this great work and you will have to read it yourself. This book really strikes me as something that can really make us all question our humanity. As almost all of us know, the Holocaust in World War II was the most horrifying genocide in the entire world. Millions of men, women and children all executed Just because of their religion. If you ask me, Doll Hitler must have been both insane and blind. Did he not know that in World War l, approximately 96,000 Jewish soldiers fought for Germany? It pains me to think that Hitler did not remember that.The Book Thief is most definitely one of those war novels that will have you questioning mankind's humanity. As for a favorite book series, I would have to say that the How to Train Your Dragon series by British author Caressed Jewell. I admit, it's a children's books series but I really enjoy reading the 1 OFF imagination. In fact, this beloved series has been turned into two films and a TV show. But I'll tell you all about it later. Indeed, through reading books of all kinds I eave discovered things about myself I didn't even know were there. I discovered that I have a talent for writing and storytelling.And I have grown to love these two hobbies, which I hope that I can turn into a Job by becoming a writer or a Journalist when I grow up. Aside from reading, I have also experienced being in academic contests in my school where I have begun to define myself as an intellectual. One of those contests is the Essay Writing Contest the school has every year. I never really win any prizes for my composit ions but it's always so much fun to compete. Through essay writing contests, my writing ability is steadily honed and constantly improved with every essay I write.So part of my Journey of self-discovery has been accomplished through the means of books and writing. The other part is, honestly, what Vive been recently obsessing about. â€Å"Everything we know about you guys†¦ Is wrong! † – Hiccup Horrendous Haddock Ill (How to Train Your Dragon Movie) That line from an animated movie by Trademarks Animation has always been embedded in my memory. The first part of this essay focused on my love for books and how reading and writing eave helped me discover who I am in terms of what I can do in this world. This part will now focus on who I truly am as a person.How to Train Your Dragon is a 2010 animated film directed by Dean Edibles and Chris Sanders under Trademarks Animation. Its story revolves around a young Viking teenager named Hiccup (Yeah, I know. The name is pre tty unusual. ) who lives in the fictional dragon fighting island of Beer. In Beer, fighting dragons is as necessary as breathing air to live. However, Hiccup is the runt of the village and is physically unable to fight dragons and cannot vive up to his father's expectations. Incidentally, his father, Stoics the Vast, is the tribe chief.But when Hiccup creates an invention that shoots down an ultra rare dragon species known as the Night Fury and attempts to slay it, the young Viking then finds himself unable to do so. This then leads to him freeing it and establishing a forbidden friendship with the dragon, whom he names Toothless. In Hiccup world, befriending a dragon is the highest act of treason. And yet in the end, Hiccup and Toothless' amazingly strong bond enables them to change the relationship between he dragons and Vikings of Beer. Yes, it is an animated movie. But it is not strictly for kids only.I had a real moment of self-discovery and self-definition when I watched this at my best friend's recommendation. And I was immediately awestruck by the movie on so many levels. The detail on the animation was superb, the lighting was perfect, the music score was Just phenomenally beautiful. But what really touched my heart was the story. I really relate to Hiccup. He is left-handed, physically not in the best of shape, intelligent and extremely different from the rest of his peers. L, myself, am also left- ended, physically weak, mentally strong and†¦ Different.I often look at my friends and other people and I can't help but sometimes feel that I'm Just too different. I don't like all the things everyone else likes and sometimes I don't even understand current trends and stick to the things I know. Like Hiccup, I am different. And also like Hiccup, I have embraced my difference. Thanks to this film (and its TV series and sequel) I have figured out who I am as a person. Everyone discovers a new trend and they all zone. And when someone tries to change me , I steadfastly refuse to do so. I am an individual. And I am proud of it.I'm different from everyone else and that's okay. Truth be told, we're all different. We're Just scared to show the world our individualistic. That's why I try hard to stay true to myself and make sure nobody and nothing turns me into something I am not. But I also remind myself to keep an open mind and broaden my horizons. When I experience new things, it helps me discover more interesting characteristics that help define myself as a person. And that's exactly what Hiccup does. He accepts his individuality and tries to do things nobody has ever tried before.Throughout the film, TV series and sequel, Hiccup stayed true to himself and didn't allow anyone to change him. If you must know, I have recently watched How to Train Your Dragon 2 and had another great moment of realization. In the second film, Hiccup is now a young adult and is currently trying to find himself. This is exactly what I'm doing right now, e ven as I write this. I apologize if this essay may seem haphazardly constructed. I must admit, my writing style does tend to confuse some people. But that's essentially how I have defined myself as a person, through books, writing and argons.And to tell you the truth, self-discovery and defining yourself as a person never stops. As the years go by, you will have more experiences, more moments that help you realize that there's more to you than meets the eye. For me, I'm still pretty young so I still have a long way to go until I can complete my personal definition. In case some of you may not fully know me yet, allow me to tell you once again who I am. I am an individual with a love for writing, making stories, reading books, obsessed with dragons. And basically, I am different. And I am proud to be different.

Composition and Properties of Bronze

Composition and Properties of Bronze Bronze is one of the earliest metals known to man. It is defined as an alloy made of copper and another metal, usually tin. Compositions vary, but most modern bronze is 88% copper and 12% tin. Bronze may also contain manganese, aluminum, nickel, phosphorus, silicon, arsenic,  or zinc. Although, at one time, bronze was an alloy consisting of copper with tin and brass was an alloy of copper with zinc, modern usage has blurred the lines between brass and bronze. Now, copper alloys generally are called brass, with bronze sometimes considered a type of brass. To avoid confusion, museums and historical texts typically use the inclusive term copper alloy. In science and engineering, bronze and brass are defined according to their element composition. Bronze Properties Bronze usually is a golden hard, brittle metal. The properties depend on the specific composition of the alloy as well as how it has been processed. Here are some typical characteristics: Highly ductile.Bronze exhibits low friction against other metals.Many bronze alloys display the unusual property of expanding a small amount when solidifying from a liquid into a solid. For sculpture casting, this is desirable, as it helps to fill a mold.Brittle, but less so than cast iron.Upon exposure to air, bronze oxidizes, but only on its outer layer. This patina consists of copper oxide, which eventually becomes copper carbonate. The oxide layer protects the interior metal from further corrosion. However, if chlorides are present (as from seawater), copper chlorides form, which can cause bronze disease a condition in which corrosion works through the metal and destroys it.Unlike steel, striking bronze against a hard surface wont generate sparks. This makes bronze useful for the metal used around flammable or explosive materials. Origin of Bronze The Bronze Age is the name given to the time period when bronze was the hardest metal that was widely used. This was the 4th millennium BC about the time of the city of Sumer in the Near East. The bronze age in China and India occurred at roughly the same time. Even during the Bronze Age, there were a few items crafted from meteoritic iron, but the smelting of iron was uncommon. The Bronze Age was followed by the Iron Age, starting around 1300 BC. Even during the Iron Age, bronze was widely used. Uses of Bronze Bronze is used in architecture for structural and design elements, for bearings because of its friction properties, and as phosphor bronze in musical instruments, electrical contacts, and ship propellers. Aluminum bronze is used to make machine tools and some bearings. Bronze wool is used instead of steel wool in woodworking because it doesnt discolor oak. Bronze has been used to make coins. Most copper coins are actually bronze, consisting of copper with 4% tin and 1% zinc. Bronze has been used since ancient times to make sculptures. The Assyrian king Sennacherib (706-681 BC) claimed to be the first person to cast huge bronze sculptures using two-part molds, although the lost-wax method was used to cast sculptures long before this time.

Aqa Exam

Certificate of Education Advanced Level Examination January 2012 Geography Unit 3 Contemporary Geographical Issues 1. 30 pm to 4. 00 pm Monday 30 January 2012 For this paper you must have: ? an AQA 12-page answer book. You may use a calculator. GEOG3 Time allowed ? 2 hours 30 minutes Instructions Use black ink or black ball-point pen. Pencil should only be used for drawing. ? Write the information required on the front of your answer book. The Examining Body for this paper is AQA. The Paper Reference is GEOG3. ? Answer three options: one from each Section. In Section C, you must not answer the same option as those chosen in Sections A and B. ? Use sketch maps, diagrams and specific examples, where appropriate. ? Do all rough work in your answer book. Cross through any work that you do not want to be marked. ? Information The marks for questions are shown in brackets. ? The maximum mark for this paper is 90. ? You will be marked on your ability to: – use good English – organise information clearly – use specialist vocabulary where appropriate. ? ? Advice You are advised to spend about 45 minutes on each of Sections A and B and about 60 minutes on Section C. H/Jan12/GEOG3 GEOG3 Section A Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option that you will answer in Section C. Option 1 Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards Total for this option: 25 marks 0 1 Study Figure 1 which shows the relationship between shaking intensity (measured by the Mercalli Scale) and different types of building structure. Describe and comment on the information provided. Figure 1 MERCALLI SCALE (7 marks) Type of building structure Adobe (baked mud and clay) Unreinforced masonry Reinforced masonry (non-seismic design) Steel framed buildings Reinforced masonry (seismic design) VI (Strong) VII (Very Strong) VIII (Destructive) IX (Ruinous) X (Disastrous) 8 22 50 100 100 3. 5 14 40 80 100 1. 5 5. 5 16 38 66 0. 4 2 7 20 40 0. 3 1. 5 5 13 25 Source: US Geological Survey The numbers are the percentages of buildings damaged or collapsed. 0 2 Outline the features of seismic waves. (8 marks) 0 3 Evaluate the management strategies adopted following one earthquake that you have (10 marks) studied. H/Jan12/GEOG3 3 Option 2 0 4 Weather and Climate and Associated Hazards Total for this option: 25 marks Study Figure 2 which shows changes, compared with 1961 – 1990 averages, in temperature, sea level and northern hemisphere snow cover. This information came from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in 2007. Describe and comment on the changes shown. Figure 2 (7 marks) 0. 5 Difference from 1961 – 1990 average temperature ( °C) (a) Global average surface temperature 0. 0 – 0. 5 (b) Global average sea level 50 Difference 0 from 1961 – 1990 – 50 average level – 100 (mm) – 150 (c) Northern hemisphere snow cover Difference from 1961 – 1990 average area (million km2) 4 0 –4 1850 1875 1900 1925 Year 1950 1975 2000 Source: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change – Assessment Report 4 (2007) 5 Describe the possible effects of global warming on a tropical region that you have (8 marks) studied. Discuss the responses to global warming on an international scale. (10 marks) Turn over ? 0 6 H/Jan12/GEOG3 4 Option 3 Ecosystems: Change and Challenge Total for this option: 25 marks 0 7 Study Figure 3 which shows variations in plant and fly species in different grazing areas on Salisbury Plain, a grassland area in southern England. Much of this area is used by livestock farmers. Describe and comment on the variations shown. (7 marks) Figure 3 0 60 50 Number of species 40 30 20 10 0 Ungrazed Grazed by cattle over a long time Grazed by sheep over a long time Recently grazed by cattle Recently grazed by sheep Key Plant species Fly species Types of grazing Source: Topic Eye: Ecosystems and Biodiversity; publisher – Cross Academe Limited 0 8 Outline the characteristics of the temperate deciduous woodland biome. (8 marks) 0 9 Assess the extent to which one local scale ecological conservation area that you have (10 marks) studied has been successful. End of Section A H/Jan12/GEOG3 5 Section B Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option that you will answer in Section C. Option 4 World Cities Total for this option: 25 marks 1 0 Study Figure 4, a photograph of a central urban area that has recently undergone redevelopment. Comment on the features of the area shown. (7 marks) Figure 4 Source:  © Cameron Dunn 1 1 Outline the process of counter-urbanisation and describe its effects. (8 marks) 1 2 Discuss the planning and management issues that have arisen in areas that have (10 marks) undergone urbanisation in recent years. Turn over H/Jan12/GEOG3 ? 6 Option 5 Development and Globalisation Total for this option: 25 marks 3 Study Figure 5 which shows the estimated percentage of population by country that used the internet in 2009. Comment on the extent to which it supports the concept of the North/South divide. (7 marks) Figure 5 Key Estimated percentage of the population that used the internet 40 or more 30 – 39 20 – 29 10 – 19 Less than 10 Source: www. internetworld stats. com 1 4 Outline reasons for the growth of social and/or economic groupings of nations. (8 marks) 1 5 Discuss the consequences of groupings of nations. (10 marks) H/Jan12/GEOG3 7 Option 6 Contemporary Conflicts and Challenges Total for this option: 25 marks 1 6 Study Figure 6 which shows the percentage of employed people living on less than US $1. 25 a day in each of 1997 and 2007 for selected regions. Comment on the information shown. (7 marks) Figure 6 Sub-Saharan Africa Southern Asia Oceania South-Eastern Asia Eastern Asia Western Asia Latin America and the Caribbean Northern Africa Developed regions Developing regions 0 10 20 30 % Source:  © United Nations 2009 – United Nations: Millennium Development Report 2009 Key 1997 2007 40 50 60 70 1 7 Suggest reasons for the existence of global poverty. (8 marks) 1 8 Discuss how poverty can be addressed on a global scale. (10 marks) End of Section B Turn over H/Jan12/GEOG3 ? 8 Section C Answer one option from this section. You must not answer the option answered in either Section A or Section B. Note to Candidate You should bear in mind that the essay questions below are synoptic in nature. In your response to these questions you are required to show your knowledge and understanding of different aspects of geography, the connections between these different aspects and, where relevant, of human perspectives upon geographical themes and issues. Option 1 1 9 Plate Tectonics and Associated Hazards To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of volcanic hazards? 40 marks) Weather and Climate and Associated Hazards To what extent can preparedness and planning mitigate the effects of tropical revolving (40 marks) storms? Ecosystems: Change and Challenge ‘The characteristics of the vegetation of tropical biomes are more the outcome of continued human activity than a response to the climatic conditions. â€⠄¢ With reference to one tropical biome, discuss the extent to which you agree with this (40 marks) view. Option 4 2 2 World Cities To what extent can urban areas be sustainable? (40 marks) Option 2 2 0 Option 3 2 1 Option 5 2 3 Development and Globalisation To what extent can development be sustainable? 40 marks) Option 6 2 4 Contemporary Conflicts and Challenges With reference to a conflict over the use of a local resource that you have studied, discuss the extent to which all interest groups involved can be satisfied with its outcome. (40 marks) END OF QUESTIONS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT OF COPYRIGHT-HOLDERS AND PUBLISHERS Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders have been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements in future papers if notified. Copyright  © 2012 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved. H/Jan12/GEOG3

The OJ Simpson Trial Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The OJ Simpson Trial - Essay Example Simpson â€Å"not guilty†. The Evidence The DNA evidence against O.J. Simpson was the most powerful evidence presented against him. The prosecution presented DNA samples on the alleged blood drops and footprints of Simpson that was positive for DNA match. The blood drops was said to be collected at Nicole Brown’s home, in Simpson’s car and his home. Another important evidence was the bloody glove found at Simpson’s home that tested positive for the DNA of Simpson and the victims Brown and Goldman. Although a surprising amount of DNA evidence was produced by the prosecution, as author John M. Butler believed â€Å"DNA evidence is not always understood and can be quite complex to explain to the general public†.1 The defense team took this complexity as an opportunity to debase prosecution’s DNA evidence and attacked on the validity of the collection and the preservation of the evidence. They argued that the evidence was mishandled and violated the â€Å"chain of custody† as provided in the Rules of Evidence. A systematic argument was created by the defense panel in invalidating the evidence, including the possible contamination of the blood drops collected, and the alleged planting of evidence by police officers on the samples found in Simpson’s car, footprints, and the bloody glove that was found in the murder scene by Detective Mark Fuhrman. The handling of the samples openly, created the â€Å"reasonable doub†t of possible contamination in the DNA testing. Although the DNA test resulted positive, the doubt of its validity gave more credibility to the jury. But perhaps, the most positive result that failed to convict Simpson of guilt beyond reasonable doubt was the presentation of the bloody glove as object evidence. The defense team demonstrated their argument by asking Simpson to fit the questioned glove. As demonstrated, the glove was small and could not fit Simpson’s athletic hands, which lead Johnnie Cochran, Simpson’s lawyer to say the infamous line â€Å"if the glove doesn’t fit, you must acquit†. Another prosecution weakness was the presentation of Detective Mark Fuhrman as a witness. The defense team took note of Fuhrman’s history of racism, by attacking his character based on beating up suspects and prior statements recorded using the word â€Å"nigger† repeatedly in an interview made by a screenwriter in 1986.2 The prosecution attempted to present character evidence against Simpson that was in general rule, not allowed by the Rules of Evidence. But Judge Ito accepted the character evidence presented by applying the same on the angle of a possible motive by Simpson to allegedly perform the murders. Arrest records were found indicating that Simpson was charged with domestic violence. A picture of the beaten and bruised ex-wife Brown was presented in court. But the images were not enough to convict Simpson and remove the doubt that the planted evidence has created. THE JURY The Sixth Amendment of the US Constitution provides for the right to elect a trial by jury. Unlike other judicial procedure in most part of the world that follows an inquisitorial system (where a judge makes a decision based on witnesses and evidence in an investigative form), a trial by jury is an adversarial process. Janet Coterril explained that an â€Å"adversarial trial process attempt to persuade the jury that one constructed version of reality is more plausible than the other†, giving more focus on â€Å"

Critical Communication Event on Radio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Communication Event on Radio - Essay Example Media covered the event as the lack of communication between the Airline personal and the Orto but some people believed that Airline personal must let the Orto to board the plane, however, Airline personal have the idea that a person with such size may be a problem for the neighbor passenger. In fact, the rude attitude of Orto led him to be refused to board the plane. The event caught the attention of many newspaper and news agencies, where most of the reporters have the view that it was the impolite attitude of Orto that made the authorities to deny him from boarding the plane. As the communication event, the event sounds a communication gap between Orto and the Airline personnel but history is full of the events that made people to think in the manner that a authority wants. It could be beneficent for the people to have knowledge about the rules of the Southwest Airline. However, it could be worse for the people who are targeted to spend extra money to buy extra seat as per their size. As the radio communication lacks to target certain audience, the messages are conveyed to all the people irrespective that the messages could harm the mind of a person or a group of people. eTurboNews Inc. (2010). Passenger not allowed to board the plane because hes "too large to fly†. eTN. Retrieved October 28, 2011, from

A rite of passage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

A rite of passage - Essay Example The Tibetans have Lamaism as their religion, which is an integration of the native Tibetan religion (Bon) and Mahayana Buddhism (Kapstein, p38). In a general perspective, the basic rite of passage for the Tibetans is the sticking of a tiny piece of Tibetan’s staple food (zamba) on the newborn’s forehead. This is perceived as the process of purification of the newborn. Additionally, when the baby is a month old, the parents are bound to paint the tip of its (baby’s) nose with soot as a sign of prevention from ghosts, whereas the relatives and parents of the baby going to the monastery to pray for protection from the Buddha. This is the general rite of passage of newborn babies, regardless of the gender. At a later age, that is, at the age of twelve, a Tibetan girl’s hair is combed into two braids. The braids are later advanced in to three, at the age of thirteen and/or fourteen, and five braids at the age of fifteen and/or sixteen (Kapstein, p67). However, the girl’s hair is combed into dozens of braids at the age of seventeen to signify the initiation into adulthood. In the Tibetan culture, changes in hair are used to mark the several rites of passage for the girl child (Kapstein, p67). According to research, hair changing ceremonies conducted for the Tibetan girls deliberate on the social status of the girls (Kapstein, p85). The hair changing ceremony for the Tibetan girls signifies that the girls are old enough to raise and cater for families, and hence they are ready to accept marriage proposals, and are ready to get married (Kapstein, p85). As a matter of fact, the Tibetan boys tend to court the girls after the hair changing ceremony, with intentions of sleeping with them and propose marriage. Research also indicates that hair dressers were strictly married women, who were carefully selected as per their beauty, perfect eyesight, and/or intact teeth

Entrepreneurial Management In Marks And Spencer

Entrepreneurial Management In Marks And Spencer The issue of entrepreneurial management is utterly important for any organisation, as it is responsible for the realisation of strategic plans and business objectives by means of the human resources available for a company. This report discusses the perspectives and challenges of entrepreneurial management in Marks Spencer and particularly the issue of the relationship with human resources. The analysis of the problem relies on the models of organisational design context, organisational culture and entrepreneurial skills. The author explores and analyses the changes that the organisational has undergone in respects to MSs organisational structure and how their culture has been formulated. The necessary components of core managerial skills and competencies have been discussed in-line with MSs entrepreneurial activities. These factors have been evaluated and recommendations have been made. The author concludes that on the one hand, the recent reduction of the levels in the organisational structure of MS is beneficial for the company as the communication between the level, transparency and overall effectiveness increase. On the other hand, precise hierarchy and centralisation (mechanistic structure) make the company inflexible and difficult to adapt. Also tight environmental conditions and the current strategic objectives emphasise the need for organisational learning and professional development for both common employees and managers, which should be oriented to develop their existing entrepreneurial skills. The author states that MS should reward the most active and progressive managers creating motivation by all means. It is recommended that the organisational structure is flattened further, managerial control and communication should be improved to ensure better performances of MS and that the company should act in a more consultative manner. 2. Case Study: Marks Spencer The company Marks Spencer (MS) was founded by Michael Marks in 1884. Michael initially opened a stall at Leeds Kirkgate market that sold various items such as nails, screws, soap and wooden spoons for a penny each. In 1893 Michael decided to return back to his home routes in Manchester, and set up a shop downstairs from where he lived. He decided to seek a business partner; the business partner being Thomas Spencer. Today, MS is the largest UK retailer with 600 domestic outlets. Furthermore, the company is presented in over 40 other countries (294 foreign outlets). Marks Spencer concentrates predominantly of clothing and food retailing, which constitute 49% and 51% of its business respectively. The company offers stylish, high quality and great value clothing, as well as giving customers the opportunity to purchase food that is of outstanding quality that has been responsibly sourced from approximately 2,000 suppliers globally. The company has grown substantially throughout the years; the company direction and strategies have been manipulated to cater for the needs and desires of their existing and potential customer base and other stakeholders such as the employees, community, suppliers, shareholders and so forth. MS believes that their company values of Quality, Value, Service, Innovation and Trust are not newly established, and state that they are the principles that the business was founded (MS, 2010). More than 75,000 are employed by the firm all over the world. In 2009, revenue of MS was equal to  £9,062 million; net income constituted  £506 million. The companys profitability has been much higher prior to the recession. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange (LSE) and is included in the FTSE 100 Index (MS, 2009). The share price reached its peak in 2007, and took a dramatic fall in 2008. MS has a variety of competitors ranging from the main supermarket groups, to specialists in fashion and homeware. The competitive environment has changed in recent years due to the rise of home shopping, and more consumers purchasing products from catalogues and the Internet. MS have to compete on price, what they have to offer, the rising expectations of the consumers and on the in-store experience. MSs management recognise the need to do business in an ethical way; to provide products and services to stimulate public interest and to abide by legislations/regulations such as consumers rights, environmental rules and other Industry regulations. Management have attracted 21 million people visiting the stores each week by their entrepreneurial implementations through their decision making processes by acting competitively and innovatively, also by differentiating themselves from their competitors in the retail industry by what they have to offer and by their strong ethical stance. The organisational design, organisational culture and the entrepreneurial skills that the management possess have contributed to MSs success in recent years. Management have been able to spot opportunities first were other competitors havent, or have not been fast enough to act; such as in 2002 MS announced that it was the first ever retailer to use only free-range eggs in all of their products, in 2005 MSs Cafe Revive were the first UK Coffee chain to offer Fair-Trade tea and coffee as standard, and in 2008 by becoming the first retailer to remove all artificial colour and flavourings from their entire food and soft drinks range (MS, 2008). MS empl oyees may therefore feel a sense of satisfaction for working for a well established, strongly ethical and successful company, thus potentially improving their co-operation and motivational levels. Stuart Rose, the Chairman/Chief Executive of MS expressed that the company has a key goal in everything they do: to build a sustainable business for the long term, generating shareholder value through consistent, profitable growth whilst making sure that customers can trust them to do the right thing. Rose states that customers of MS have told us that despite the impact of the recession our commitment to the environment and trading fairly is still important to them (MS, 2009). MS have planned ambitions to satisfy the general public by challenging themselves with the implementation of Plan A, aiming to become the worlds most sustainable major retailer by 2015 that could also prove to be a factor that encourages customer loyalty and help establishing a competitive advantage. Plan A was launched in January 2007 and is a five year eco-plan which has a positive contribution to the environment and society in every aspect of how MS do business so that they grow in a sustainable way. The plan addresses challenges across five areas: Climate change, waste, sustainable raw materials, fair partner and health (http://plana.marksandspencer.com). MS has a standard centralised organisational structure that is characteristic to the majority of the UK multiple retailers. The organisation structure is vertical (Whitehead, 1994). MS has moved to a new flatter structure recently, which implies the reduction of organisational layers in the structure (Varley, 2006); this therefore makes the organisation faster to perceive any changes and respond to them. Due to the organisation having a large complex structure, MS have to ensure that managerial control and communication throughout the hierarchy is efficient and effective to try ensuring high employee morale and motivation, thus a more efficient and effective workforce to meet MSs strategic objectives. This is a key problem area that MS need to focus on. The structure of the hierarchy is complex; therefore employees attitudes and values may only be conveyed to the employees line manager. This reflects the importance of communication in MS between the vertical levels of authority. The leadership style is autocratic; the business decisions are typically made and influenced by management only with a lack of consultation of the employees. Consultation could give employees recognition, motivation and a sense of belonging/need. The recession has had direct effect on MS in terms of profitability and their entrepreneurial thinking in decision making processes, due to the serious nature and potential negative associations that can follow from such an economic downturn. In October 2008 Stuart Rose stated that Consumer confidence remained fragile and the retail environment was unpredictable (http://business.timesonline.co.uk); this enforcing company management to act in an entrepreneurial way, by being alert and acting rapidly in the best interests of the organisation and its stakeholders. MSs management realise that there is an importance of having the ability to spot any opportunities available; in the scope to improve customer loyalty and confidence in the brand to attempt to overcome the negative side effects of the recession and assisting the creation of stability/prosperity for the company. According to Morgan (2001) the corporation provides the training of technical skills and business competencies of their employees. Afterwards, the effectiveness analysis of the learning is conducted within six months (Schutt, 2006). The learning process is necessary for the management to develop entrepreneurial skills to lead the workforce in an effective, appropriate and motivational manner. In January 2009 management announced that they were to cut costs by reducing their workforce by 1000 staff members across the retail stores, head office and their support functions (www.telegraph.co.uk). This reflects the need for strict management of the workforce and certain constraints to be implemented in such a dynamic environment to meet short/long term company objectives. The company comprehend the requirement to ensure that there is a focused balance between each of the stakeholders needs and desires; sacrifices such as these cost cutting measures have been implemented in attempts to outweigh financial uncertainty. According to Stiegert and Kim (2009) the rewards and bonuses for the employees in MS have been reduced considerably with the coming of the global financial crisis; which could be detrimental for the workforces future efficiency, motivation and morale; thus potentially affecting customer satisfaction levels. MS strive to satisfy stakeholders through the utilisation of the management team and their employees. They emphasise the need for effective managerial control in-line with company objectives; for the employees to know the entailment of their job specifications to provide efficiency that may contribute to a competitive advantage being established for MS. The outcome of this process will decide the companys future competitive stance in their market. 3. Context of Organisational Design According to Ferrell (1979) and Gibson et al. (2003), the notion of organisational design is directly associated with the creation of formal relationship, roles and processes within an organisation. The researcher has chosen the model that describes the context of organisational design, since it is necessary to analyse the framework and conditions of the management process and managers roles within Marks Spencer from the very beginning. According to Stanford (2005), the model of the context of organisational design is five-fold, where all the components are mutually influenced. The context of organisational design in Marks Spencer can be presented as follows: Structure: MS has a standard centralised organisational structure that is characteristic to the majority of the UK multiple retailers. Marks Spencer does not possess any manufacturing facilities in Great Britain. This means that the success of this retail business is determined by greater centralisation. The company has a vertical structure (Whitehead, 1994). MS has moved to a new flatter structure recently, which implies the reduction of organisational layers in the structure (Varley, 2006). The composition of the second-layer management team is the following: human resources, international business, retail, IT and logistics, food, store marketing and design, merchandise, finance and operations, marketing (MS, 2009). It can be argued that such hierarchy and the reduced number or levels in the organisational structure to be an advantage (mechanistic structure). The communication between the layers is better arranged, tasks and responsibilities are clearly defined, which is the key to stability. However, it may be argued that the whole organisation is less flexible and adaptive as in the case of organic structure. This deals predominantly with the initiative of lower rank managers. Size: According to the size, Marks Spencer can be classified as a large business, since the company employs more than 75,000 people all over the world (MS, 2010). Huge size implies extensive hierarchy from the CEO to a common worker (Coe, 2004). Despite the fact that organisational structure has been flattened recently, it is complicated anyway. Huge size obliges MS to state and restate precise responsibilities on a regular basis. The fulfilment of duties raises the problem of advanced managerial control. Environment: The environment in which Marks Spencer operates can be characterised as complex. The company is to respect consumer rights, operate according to the regulations in the industry and comply with environmental rules such as waste control (Bevan, 2001). Furthermore, MS is responsible to provide timely salaries and wages to its employees (Jones and Simmons, 1990). Moreover, the company is to adjust to recent social changes, which imply that the UK residents tend to spend more time online than outdoors. It is valid to argue that such a complex environment makes the management process within MS more difficult. Better entrepreneurial skills are required from the top management. And more sophisticated strategies should be used. It can be argued that in such conditions, there is a pressing need for greater integration of the departments of Marks Spencer. Technology: The technologies implemented in Marks Spencer would be rather characterised as routine technologies. Being of a clothes and food retailer, the company faces automatic and frequently repeated processes and tasks. Very few employees are required to demonstrate a creative approach to their responsibilities (non-routine technologies) (Dobson et al., 2004). It may be argued that routine technologies in MS can be explained by the considerable hierarchal organisational structure. In such a case the presence of bureaucracy is inevitable. It is valid to argue that the existing bureaucratic organisational structure should be improved by a more creative management process. This requires better entrepreneurial skills from the managers themselves. But this will enable to upgrade the inter-level communication quality. Strategy: Corporate strategy is quite a broad notion, but it can be stated that the key objectives of MS is to accentuate its own brand, to improve the clothing segment in order to reach the balance between food and clothing retail. Furthermore, the company seeks to improve the line of Home Beauty in its retail stores, to accelerate the programme of store renewal, improve the supply chain and start to use the space in outlets more effectively (MS, 2009; MS, 2010). In May 2008 a press release stated that international sales and profits were up by 16.8% and 33% (http://news.bbc.co.uk); it could be suggested that MS are hoping to overcome some weaknesses of the UKs current economic climate with geographical diversification by increasing stores internationally. As it is seen, these business strategic issues require optimisation and rationalisation of the existing directions. This means that MS is to provide professional training and organisational learning for its employees. According to Morgan (2001) the corporation provides the training of technical skills and business competencies of their employees. Afterwards, the effectiveness analysis of the learning is conducted within six months (Schutt, 2006). It may be argued by the author that the discussed strategic orientation of MS requires more specialised training of the employees. Furthermore, the training should not be academic by nature, but it must be integrated into the practical fulfillment of responsibilities. It is supposed that learning groups should be organised within departments and the team work is to be emphasised in such learning. The model of organisational design context can be criticised for the fact that it does not take into account the dimension of industry. Retail industry, in which Marks Spencer is engaged, is attributed to numerous specific features that do matter in the aspects of organisational learning, entrepreneurial skills and competences. First of all, this industry is customer-oriented (Stanford, 2005). Second, the whole structure should be aimed to provide a stable and high-quality service. From this standpoint, culture of communication, fast reaction between the organisational layers and strong lea dership are sufficient. 4. Organisational Culture The model of organisational culture has been chosen for discussion because it embraces a wide range of management categories associated with the company. It is possible to discuss leadership styles, controls and rewards in organisational processes. Managerial ethics and inter-industry specifics are also included into the model (Pinches, 1999). As it was mentioned, the previous model lacked these industry-related issues. However, the framework was formulated on the foundation of very fundamental assumptions about how organisations work and how they are managed (Cameron and Quinn, 2006); these assumptions may not be true of all organisations in practice; the model also represents that each of the four inputs are of equal importance in prescribing culture, this may not always be the case. Organisational processes: Discussing the leadership styles in Marks Spencer it is quite difficult to generalise since different managers can choose different leadership depending on personal preferences, educational background and experience. Nevertheless, the top managers of the company have been numerously characterised in the past as having an autocratic leadership style (Williams, 1992). This means that with such state of affairs the authority of managers is high, but the autonomy of departments, groups and individuals in the decision-making process is low (Messick and Kramer, 2005; Mullins, 2007). This is partially explained by the centralised vertical structure with considerable number of layers. It is difficult to judge whether this style is the best one for MS, but it is valid to assume that it contributes to bureaucracy, lower motivation and absence of the necessity of personal development of employees. Hence, the management can be at least recommended to improve the autonomy of the creative departm ents. The employees engaged in non-routine technologies should be managed consultatively. According to Stiegert and Kim (2009) the rewards and bonuses for the employees in MS have been reduced considerably with the coming of the global financial crisis. A press release in May 2008 stated that store teams are set to share  £12.8 million; the previous year MS paid a record of  £91 million in bonuses to its 75,000 staff (http://investmentmarkets.co.uk). This could generate negative effect on the motivation and productivity of the personnel. It can be argued that the corporation should find the possibility to reward the most active and progressive managers and employees. However, Stuart Rose believes MS are expecting market conditions to remain difficult for the foreseeable future and are managing the business accordingly. Tight stock control and management of costs are priority. (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com) The company announced cuts of 1000 jobs in January 2009; this could create uncertainty in the workforce that may lead to a lack of motivation, morale and in crease absenteeism levels due to stress and anxiety. Cognitive processes: One of the strongest features of MS is that the company supports professional ethics. This characteristic refers to both the employees and customers of the company. Managerial decisions and actions cannot contradict to the existing regulations (MS, 2010). Nevertheless, the process of strategic thinking is vertical as in the case of organisational structure. It is valid to argue that lower rank managers should be involved into the process of strategic thinking. Behaviours: Group member behaviour in Marks Spencer can be described as traditional teamwork. This kind of member and manager behaviour is characteristic to centralised vertical organisational structures (Morgan, 2001). Such form of behaviour implies lower control by group members and greater control by group facilitators. Again, the company can be criticised for increased control over employees and strict frameworks in which the employees have to perform their functions. Values: The values of Marks Spencer are the following: quality, service, innovation, trust and commitment towards employees and valued people (MS, 2010). The implementation of Plan A strives to meet the environmental concerns of the company, employees and customers, encouraging people to live a greener lifestyle (MS, 2010). Human resources are among the highest values of the company. However, such direction is to be confirmed by the practical actions of the corporation. 5. Entrepreneurial Skills Another model that can be applied to characterise Marks Spencer is the entrepreneurial skills model. It has been chosen for the discussion because it vividly illustrates the necessary components of core managerial skills and competencies developing that take place within the company to contribute towards forming the organisations culture and design. However though, research to determine whether identifiable relationships exist between the performance of the firm, the learning mode of the organisation and organisational competence does not provide clear statistically significant relationships and further work is clearly needed (Chaston et al, 1999). Entrepreneurial skills- The necessary components of core managerial skills and competencies: Research and practice connected to competence is focused by the ambition to achieve superior performance, and for economic gain or business success (Spencer and Spencer, 1993). As it has been already mentioned, the personnel of Marks Spencer participate in regular organisational learning aimed to develop the core skills and competencies (Johansson, 2004). However, the researcher argues that such learning is necessary in the first place for the management of the company to develop entrepreneurial skills; Deakins and Freel (2003) proclaim that there is need for sophisticated knowledge and competencies to operate larger production runs and manage a workforce. It may be stated that the connection to the industry should be emphasised at every stage. The business should focus on the management to build a reliable customer-oriented service. An Industry opportunity has been spotted by management in the implementation of Plan A, in which MS feel has motivated employees and involved them in taking part in contributing to the good cause that they have an interest in in the community where they and the customers live. Costs have also been reduced in result of Plan A, with a  £50 million surplus in 2009/2010 (http://plana.marksandspencer.com). It could be argued that the management team implementing these changes relate to the definition of an entrepreneur as according to Schumpeter and Kirzner. Shumpeter (1934) believed the entrepreneur is a special person who brings about change, whilst Kirzner (1979) believed the entrepreneur is anyone who is alert to the profitable opportunities for exchange; who has additional knowledge which enables the recognition and exploitation of an opportunity (Deakins and Freel, 2003). The skill to recognise and exploit the positive financial, environmental and employee motivational implications of Plan A appears to be welcomed by the general public (through the knowledge gathered from customers (MS 2009) which could establish a competitive advantage). Also by the company and its employees due to the improvement of environmental issues that may affect all of the stakeholders; and by the savings that have been made that can be utilised in other means to the companys strategic advantage. Personal motivation is necessary for managers. If they possess this, it would be a transmitter to further organisational levels. According to Lussier (2009) managers have come to realise that a motivated workforce can contribute powerfully to bottom-line profits and that the poor performance of employees can be caused inadvertently by managers themselves potentially due to their lack of motivation. In this light, the bonuses and rewards for the managers are extremely important. David Michels (Deputy Chairman of MS) expressed that he believes good governance encourages entrepreneurship and innovation within a framework of accountability (http://corporate.marksandspencer.com). The general management skills and human relationship skills appear to be the fundamental competencies for managers. 6. Conclusion and Recommendation It may be concluded that on the one hand, the reduction of the levels in the organisational structure of Marks Spencer is beneficial for the company as the communication between the level, transparency and overall effectiveness increase. On the other hand, precise hierarchy and centralisation (mechanistic structure) make the company inflexible and difficult to adapt. MS can be recommended to flatten its structure even more because the number of departments and layers has remained high in spite of the restructuring that was attempted (MS, 2010). Furthermore, communication, quality control and managerial control over the fulfilment of employees responsibilities should be improved to ensure better performance in the company. Tight environmental conditions and the current strategic objectives emphasise the need for organisational learning and professional development for both common employees and managers. In particular, the professional training of common employees should be carried out in real teams (departments) and should be practical. The professional development of managers in MS should be oriented to develop their entrepreneurial skills. Marks Spencer can be recommended to concentrate on industry specifics, general management and human relationship. Furthermore, the company is to reward the most active and progressive managers creating motivation by all means. MS can be recommended to reconsider leadership styles with respect to creative workers engaged in non-routing technologies (from autocratic to consultative). In addition, lower rank managers are to be involved into the decision-making process of MS that may encourage them to act in a more enthusiastic intrapreneurial way.